The financial aspects of the French economy during the last decade can be indicated in four alternating phases which have had a double physiognomy: of relative monetary stability from 1949 to the first half of 1950 and from 1952 to 1955; of open inflation from the mid-1950s (Korean War) to […]

Traces of a musical movement remain in France from the first steps of Christian chant (Gallican chant), to whose development the activity of the French churches contributed from the 8th and 9th centuries. Polyphony reached a first affirmation in the Parisian chapels by the masters of the school of Notre-Dame […]

The progress made by archaeological research in France has been, in the last ten years, very consistent. Numerous new settlements were excavated for the Bronze Age, while particular interest was dedicated to the emergence of territorial potentates, the birth of villages and the formation of Iron Age aristocracies (La Tène […]

Among the writers, in recent years, in addition to Sarraute, Br. Sagan and Br. Mallet-Joris, Béatrix Beck (b. 1914), whose contents bear an autobiographical imprint, and Célia Bertin, who she too came actively orienting the original pessimism: both animated by an unscrupulous passion for reality. In poetry it is possible […]

Thus arose the narrative “regard nouveau”. In reality, in this summary definition, personalities of different orientation and various stylistic procedures are united, however converging in the intensity of an analytical and cold gaze that attacks the interiority with an accumulation of psychic and sensory reactions apparently of little weight, but […]

In literature and the arts, France was once again the major propulsion center of avant-garde trends. On the threshold of the Second World War and during the war years, the dissolution of surrealism, existential inflation, the strengthening of Marxism and Catholicism that polarize their ideal tension, while there is no […]

According to shopareview, Brittany, bordering Normandy but less rich in historical monuments, has suffered less. However, an irreparable loss is that of the city of Saint-Malo, one of the most picturesque in France with its ramparts and old houses clustered in the narrow streets. The cathedral and the castle were […]

War damage to monuments and works of art. According to programingplease, the war of 1939-45 inflicted considerable losses on the French artistic heritage, especially in architecture and sculpture. The paintings and stained glass windows had generally been secured and the damage suffered was caused by theft rather than destruction. It […]

According to politicsezine, contemporary architecture in France is centered on the name of Le Corbusier. After the transition from the “liberty style” to what was later called rational, which took place mainly by Tony Garnier, François Le Coeur, Auguste Perret, Henri Sauvage, the architect Le Corbusier, of Swiss origin, led […]

The later legislation. – Legislative activity in the field of civil law was very limited in France until the middle of the 19th century. According to physicscat, the most interesting is to point out the law of May 8, 1816 by which the government of the Restoration abrogated divorce and […]

From 1789 to the Code civil. – This period, called intermediate law, marks the transition from old to modern French law. The work of the French Revolution certainly took place to a greater extent in the field of public law; nevertheless the assemblies of the revolution introduced various very important […]

While other important directors such as M. Deville, A. Cavalier (rediscovered only after the success of his film Thérèse, 1986) and above all R. Ruiz (a Chilean who moved to France who is responsible for very personal works such as L’hypothèse du tableau volé, 1977, and La ville des pirates, La città dei […]

After May 1968 and its repercussions in the works of J.-L. Godard, A. Resnais, L. Malle, J. Rivette, as well as those of politically or poetically engaged young directors such as M. Karmitz and P. Garrel, French cinema quickly falls into the ranks. Once the propulsive thrust of the Nouvelle Vague […]

The consequences of the advent of De Gaulle were also felt among the parties. A new formation grouping the different Gaullist movements took the name of Union pour la nouvelle république (UNR). In dissent with Pflimlin, Bidault founded, with little luck, the Mouvement de la démocratie chrétienne; on the opposite […]

Only following Eisenhower’s exhortation, Gaillard decided to relaunch “good offices”, accepting the solution of the points already agreed and postponing the question of border control until later. But he was overthrown by the Chamber in a tumultuous session (April 15). Under the heated leadership of Soustelle, Duchet and Bidault, the […]

The nationalization of the Suez Canal by Egypt (26 July), in addition to damaging the conspicuous French interests in the Company, aroused a patriotic wave in France due to the aid given by ‛Abd an-Nāṣir to the Algerian rebels. A mission by Foreign Minister Pinay to Cairo, which had come […]

The Edgar Faure government and the early elections of January 2, 1956. – After several attempts, it fell to another radical, Edgar Faure, to form a coalition government with the MRP, the social republicans and the independents, with Pinay as foreign minister. Despite the heated rivalry between Faure and Mendès-France, […]

The daring experiment by Pierre Mendès – France. – At the National Assembly, Mendès-France delivered a real indictment arguing that there was not a problem of Indochina in its own right, but a series of interdependent problems, which required the reorganization of customs and the regime. Laniel was forced to ask the […]

Budget difficulties and military aid. – For this reason the parliamentary approval of the budget became an almost insurmountable obstacle. A rich country, only partially damaged by extraordinary expenses in Indochina and North Africa, but a country that did not know how to decide between dirigisme and liberalism, neither adopting […]

Difficulty in Indochina and North Africa. – Meanwhile the situation in Indochina (see, in this App.) Was becoming more and more serious. The French government had to face on the one hand the communist rebellion of the Vietminh, on the other the national demands of Bao Dai, aimed at practically […]

In no other country in the Western world, the decade 1949-1959 was as rich in historical events as in France. Having emerged from the war at the head of a great colonial empire, the transalpine nation found itself having to face at the same time the difficulties of a settlement […]

The most caustic is certainly Présence Panchonnette, a group of artists who propose the ridiculous objects of popular culture mimicking the installations of art professionals. At the extreme limit of art, they connect to a tradition of critical and satirical activities recognizable from the end of the 19th century. The context […]

According to franciscogardening, Kern assembles discarded objects and tools and paints them before photographing them, just as P. Mercier does with flesh or clay: the result is the creation of a theater of truth and falsehood that photography unites in a ambiguous perception. P. Tosani photographs objects of his own […]

It is necessary to distinguish different trends in the use of the figure in the art of these years. There is a “ wild ” trend, which affirms a spontaneous position with respect to creation and a radical doubt about the hierarchy of values: Combas, Boisrond and Di Rosa take […]

In the 1980s, the internationalization process and the intervention of the mass media in art, which began in the previous decade, it was accentuated, influencing local national situations. Even if French art is on the whole not very present outside its borders, with the exception of some prominent personalities, it nevertheless participates […]

The dialectic between invention and relationship with the city permeates all the great projects. Some are aimed at comparison with pre-existing monumental environments, such as the large glass pyramid used for the new arrangement of the Louvre (IM Pei, 1988), or the Musée d’Orsay (ACT group and G. Aulenti, 1986), intended […]

After years of intense building production, but sclerotic in a language that combined the principles of the ” Athens Charter ” with heavy industrialization, in the last decade French architecture has radically changed direction, returning to play a role central to the European cultural landscape. According to estatelearning, the current […]

The monarchy therefore has the difficult moves in this northern France, tangled with powerful fiefdoms capable of each rising to a position of command. In the meantime, however, the rest of France escapes the kings, the area between the Loire and the Mediterranean where we are not really talking about […]

According to ehealthfacts, the feudal dissolution of the century. X marks a clear break between the history of the old Frankish kingdom and the history of the new kingdom of France. Merovingians and Carolingians had built and tried to fix an immense state based on the small platform offered by […]

The Tour de France is a gigantic advertising machine. It offers companies and drivers alike a platform to put themselves in the limelight. Legal means are not always used to ensure one’s own success. The second edition of the Tour de France in 1904 already had its scandal when some […]

In 2002, France was a developed country located in Western Europe. With a population of 60 million people, it had a strong economy based on industry, agriculture and tourism. The literacy rate was high at 99%, and the majority of the population enjoyed a high standard of living. The economy […]